含否定词的句子称为否定句(Negative Sentence),不含否定词的句子就称为肯定句(Affirmative Sentence)。例如:
例:Mr. Walker is an Englishman.
(华克先生是英国人。——肯定句)
例:He is not an American.
(他不是美国人。——否定句)
简单地说,表达事物的“Yes”这一面的句子就是肯定句,“No”的一面的就叫做否定句。
传统的英语入门都是先学肯定句,然后再学肯定句的反面,亦就是否定句。否定句的表达方式基本上有下面的两种。
(1)使用副词否定词“not”,例如:
(a)be,have为主要动词:
例:I am not a good swimmer.
(我不是一个游泳的好手。)
例:He was not at home yesterday afternoon.
(昨天下午他不在家。)
例:I have not much money.
(我没有很多钱。)
例:He has not many friend here.
(在这里他没有很多朋友。)
解说“be/have +not”常缩短成一词,尤其是日常谈话更是如此。例如:
例:You aren t [a:nt] a friend of his, are you ?
(你不是他的朋友吧,是不是?)
例:He isn t [ !znt] my brother.
(他不是(中文邮件格式:邮件的主题是为了让收件人看到邮件之后对该邮件有个大体了解,确定邮件的紧急、重要程度、有效、有用性的;所以在写主题的时候最主要的突出 什么事、重要程度等关键信息;可以按照以下方式和思路去写:格式:修饰词+邮件内容+时间+发件人。如果有必要的话还可以在主题上加上紧急程度和邮件的主体内容,清晰明了。)我的.兄弟。)
例:I wasn t [ w znt] there at that time.
(当时我没有在那儿。)
例:There weren t [w+:nt] many people at the party yesterday.
(昨天没有很多人参加宴会。)
“am +not”不是“amn t”,而是“aren t”或“ain t[eint]”,例如:
例:I ain t ready.
(我还没准备好。)
例:I am very nice to you, aren t I?
(我对你很不错,是不是?)
美国人用“ain t”很随便,应该是“are not,is not,have not,has not”的地方,他们也会“ain t”一下就带过去,宜注意。
下面例句是“have not,has not”的缩短形。
例:I haven t[ h$vnt] a headache.
(我没有头痛。)
例:He hasn t[ h$znt] come yet.
(他还没来。)
(b)be,have为助动词
例:You aren t going to go to her birthday party, are you?
(你不打算参加她的生日宴会,是不是?)
例:It isn t raining outside.
(外面没有在下雨。)
例:She wasn t asked to speak at the meeting.
(她没有被请求在会上讲话。)
例:I haven t done anything wrong to her.
(他没有做对不起她的事。)
例:He hasn t yet paid the money.
(他尚未付钱。)
be+ V -ing(进行时),be +P.P.(过去分词)(被动词态),have(has,had)+P.P.(完成时)等的“be,have(has,had)”皆为助动词。例1的“be going to …”在学校文法中也常被视为助动词。
(c)“助动词+V”时
动词带有助动词“will,shall,can,may,must,need,dare,ought to,used to,had better”等时,将“not”置于助动词与主要动词之间。例如:
例:I will not do it again.
I won t[wount] do it again.
(我不愿意再做这种事。)
例:The old man cannot find his way home.
(那个老人找不到回家的路。)
例:I couldn t sleep last night.
(昨夜我无法入睡。)
例:You ought not to swim in the river.
(你不应该在河里游泳。)
例:You had better not tell her everything.
(你最好不要样样事情都告诉她。)
注:“can”的否定形式是“cannot or can t”,不可写成“can not or cann t”。
(d)使用助动词“do”的否定句
一般动词的否定句通常使用助动词“do”,句式如下:
句型 do(does, did)+not + V(原形动词)
例:I don t know her very well.
(我并不很了解她。)
例:He doesn t like Chinese tea very much.
(他并不很喜欢中国茶。)
例:She didn t come to school this morning.
(今天早上她没有来上学。)
例:Don t believe him.
(不要相信他的话。)
注:“have”表达“有”以外的意义时,其否定句通常使用助动词“do”,例如:
例:Usually I don t have (=eat) breakfast on Sunday morning.
(通常星期天早上我不吃早餐。)
例:She doesn t have (=drink) coffee for breakfast.
(她不把咖啡充作早餐喝。)
例:We didn t have (=enjoy) a good time there yesterday.
(昨天我们在那里玩得不愉快。)
不过美式英语“have”作“有”的意义使用时也如一般动词使用助动词“do”,例如:
例:I don t have brothers.
(我没有兄弟。)
例:We didn t have time enough to finish the work.
(我们当时没有足够的时间完成那件工作。)
(2)使用“not”以外的否定词
“not”以外的否定词有:
(a)副词:never,seldom,hardly,little,neither,etc.
例:She never comes to school late.
(他上学从不迟到。)
例:She seldom comes to see me.
(她不常来看我。)
(b)形容词:no,few,little,etc.
例:I have no brothers.(=I don t have brothers.)
(我没有兄弟。)
例:He has few friends in Hong Kong.
(他在香港几乎没有朋友。)
(c)代词:nothing,nobody,none,etc.
例:I know nothing about computer.
(对于电脑我一窍不通。)
I found nobody about computer.
(在那栋房子里我没看到任何人。)
注:1.有些文法书认为“Not +V”为句子否定法,是否定句,而“no +n.或如nothing,etc.”为单词否定法,不宜称为否定句。例如:
例:He doesn t have brother.(否定句)
He has no brothers.(单词否定,但应视为肯定句,因为谓语动词是肯定。)
请注意下面两句的意义上的区别。
例:He doesn t have a breakfast.
He has not a breakfast.
(他不吃早餐。——否定句)
例:He has no breakfast.
(他没有早餐可吃。——单词否定,肯定句)
2.否定也可以借用前缀或后缀来表达,例如:
例:He is honest.
(他是诚实的。)
He is dishonest.(=He in not honest.)
(他不诚实。)
例:They have children.
(他们有小孩。)
They are childless.(=The don t have children.)
(他们没有小孩。)
Drilling Square
Ⅰ.请把下列各句改为否定句。
1.Amy is the best student in my class.
2.Jim has a lot of stamps.
3.John studies very hard this semester.
4.Bill broke the glass yesterday.
5.Did he write you a letter last week?
6.Open the window, Peter.
7.We had a walk after dinner yesterday.
Ⅱ.请把下列各句改为肯定句。
1.She doesn t have to go to school today.
2.My father doesn t go to his office by bus.
3.I didn t see him yesterday.
4.Mr. Smith won t teach us next year.
5.You need not do it today.
6.She cannot run very last.
7.She doesn t wash her clothes herself.